"The History of Rome" had a profound impact on the field of classical studies and historiography. It provided a comprehensive narrative that influenced generations of historians and students of ancient history. Mommsen's work helped to popularize the study of Roman history and contributed significantly to the understanding of the complexities of Roman politics, culture, and society.

His portrayal of Rome's history, particularly the period of the Republic's decline, is often seen as a reflection on the challenges faced by modern states, making his analysis relevant even beyond the study of ancient history. Mommsen's insights into the nature of political power, the role of charismatic leaders, and the dynamics of social conflict continue to resonate with contemporary readers.